LAC的书屋 | 创意制图和视觉思维的经典之作——Morphologie: City Metaphors
LAC书屋 / 建筑设计 / 2023-02-16 12:10:47
形态学:城市隐喻Morphologie: City Metaphors 这是伴随德国建筑师奥斯瓦尔德·马蒂亚斯·昂格斯(Oswald Mathias Ungers,1926–2007年)一生的建筑和理论作品,他对发现的图像进行了并行处理,并经常将这些图像与自己的设计方案进行比较。昂格斯收集并归类了所发现的照片以及自己旅行的照片,并于1982年出版了Morphologie: City metaphor,在这本书中,他将设计过程概念化为一种以类比和隐喻为指导的方法,并解释了视觉思维是如何运作的。这本书是创意制图和视觉思维的经典之作,这也是有意识的视觉建设的一项实验。
在整本书中,昂格斯建立了一系列的点差,其中五十多幅城市地图与一幅图片联系在一起,这些图片大部分来自科学,生物学和技术领域。这些地图具有不同的图形质量,范围从现有城市的规划(例如威尼斯或蒂姆加德)到投影的城市(例如列奥尼多夫的Magnitogorsk),再到理想的文艺复兴时期的理想城市和城市设计(例如Olmsted的Riverside)。整本书的格式始终保持不变,,左图为地图,右边为另一张形象图,均以正方形框起来,并带有一个单词,左页为英语,右页为德语。综合描述每个视觉所隐含的隐喻。在作者的视野中,威尼斯的分裂变成了握手,圣加仑(St Gallen)1809年的计划变成了子宫。昂格斯在序言中写到: “没有全面的视野,现实就会变成一堆毫无关联的现象和毫无意义的事实,也就是说,这是完全混乱的。在这样一个世界里,就像生活在真空中,每件事都同样重要,没有什么能引起我们的注意,这样就不可能利用我们的大脑了。”“Without a comprehensive vision reality will appear as a mass of unrelated phenomenon and meaningless facts, in other words, totally chaotic. In such a world it would be like living in a vacuum; everything would be of equal importance; nothing could attract our attention; and there would be no possibility to utilize the mind.” 在该书随附的论文中,昂格斯探讨了想象力在知识建构中的作用,并认为视觉思维是将思想与形式联系起来的最有效方法。 他描述了一种他反对经验主义的思维方式,在这种思维方式中,视力能够通过合成图像统一思想,从而将思想联系在一起并“干预”思想。他没有声称这种方法可以或应该取代定量科学研究,但他指出在理解的思维中必须平衡严格使用科学程序。在本书的进一步内容中,作者尝试对与感知和心理学有关的想象过程进行描述,以详细阐述他的想象力理论“一个基本的过程,通过使用图像、隐喻、类比、模型、符号、象征和寓言来概念化一个不相关的、多样的现实。”
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设计,思考图像,隐喻和类比DESIGNING AND THINKING IN IMAGES, METAPHORS AND ANALOGIES 显然,所有的思维过程都以两种不同的方式发生。每一种都被认为是思维过程在科学、艺术和哲学中发生的唯一方式。Apparently all thinking processes happen in two different ways. Each is claimed to be the only way in which thought processes occur in science, arts and philosophy. 第一种通常被称为经验思维方式。它仅限于对物理现象的研究。真正关心的是可以衡量和证明的事实。这种智力上的关注集中在从直接的实践经验中产生的独立的要素和独立的事实上。思维被严格地限制在技术和实践过程中,因为它们在实用主义和行为主义的理论和方法中得到了最有力的阐述。The first is commonly known as the empirical way of thinking. It is limited to the study of physical phenomena. The actual concern is with facts that can be measured and justified. This intellectual concern concentrates on separate elements and isolated facts, deriving from direct practical experience. Thinking is strictly limited to technical and practical processes as they are most strongly formulated in the theories and methodologies of pragmatism and behaviourism. 另一种思维方式是去寻找现象和经验,这些现象和经验不仅描述了一个部分的集合,而且几乎不关注单独的元素,这些元素无论如何都会被主观的视觉和综合的形象所影响和改变。主要的关切不是现实本身,而是寻求一个全面的想法,一个综合内容,一个连贯的思想,或一个把一切联系在一起的整体概念。它被称为整体论或格式塔理论,并在人文主义时代的形态唯心主义哲学论文中得到最有力的发展。The other way of thinking seeks out phenomena and experiences which describe more than just a sum of parts, paying almost no attention to separate elements which would be affected and changed through subjective vision and comprehensive images anyway. The major concern is not the reality as it is but the search for an all-round idea, for a general content, a coherent thought, or an overall concept that ties everything together. It is known as holism or Gestalt theory and has been most forcefully developed during the age of humanism in the philosophical treatises of the morphological idealism.
所有这一切意味着,用图像、隐喻、模型、类比、象征和寓意来思考和设计,只不过是从纯粹实用的方法向更具创造性的思维方式的转变。它是一种用定性的价值而不是定量的数据来思考的过程,一种基于综合而不是分析的过程。这并不是说分析方法是对立的,而是说分析和综合的交替就像呼吸一样自然,就像歌德说的那样。它是一种思维过程的过渡,从韵律空间到连贯系统的想象空间,从同源概念到形态概念。所有被描述的不同模式都是一个形态概念的一部分,这个形态概念被理解为一种对形成和转变的研究,无论是思想、事实、对象还是条件,当它们呈现自己给感知经验时。What all that means – thinking and designing in images, metaphors, models, analogies, symbols and allegories – is nothing more than a transition from purely pragmatic approaches to a more creative mode of thinking. It means a process of thinking in qualitative values rather than quantitative data, a process that is based on synthesis rather than analysis. Not that analytical methods are opposed but more in the direction that analysis and synthesis alternate as naturally as breathing in and breathing out, as Goethe put it. It is meant to be a transition in the process of thinking from a metrical space to the visionary space of coherent systems, from the concepts of homology to the concepts of morphology. All of the different modes described are part of a morphological concept which is understood as a study of formations and transformations whether of thoughts, facts, objects or conditions as they present themselves to sentient experiences. 因此,在本选集中展示的城市形象并不是根据功能和其他可测量的标准进行分析的(通常采用的方法),而是在概念层面上进行解释,展示思想、形象、隐喻和类比。这些解释是在形态学意义上构思的,对主观的推测和转变是开放的。这本书展示了更超然的方面,超越实际设计的潜在感知。换句话说,它显示了在不同条件下相似的通用设计原则。暴露了现实的三个层次:事实的现实——客体;感性的现实-类比;以及概念上的现实——想法,表现为计划——形象——词语。
Therefore, the city-images as they are shown in this anthology are not analysed according to function and other measurable criteria – a method which is usually applied – but they are interpreted on a conceptual level demonstrating ideas, images, metaphors and analogies. The interpretations are conceived in a morphological sense, wide open to subjective speculation and transformation. The book shows the more transcendental aspect, the underlying perception that goes beyond the actual design. In other terms, it shows the common design principle which is similar in dissimilar conditions. There are three levels of reality exposed: the factual reality – the object; the perceptual reality – the analogy; and the conceptual reality – the idea, shown as the plan – the image – the word.
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Xiaohan Wang UCLMArch Architectural Design离散结构Automated Living作品曾参加北京国际设计周